Voice: If we must erect an independent government in America, a republic will produce strength, hardiness, activity, courage, fortitude, and enterprise.

But there is so much rascality, so much venality and corruption, so much avarice and ambition, such a rage for profit and commerce among all ranks and degrees of men, even in America, that I sometimes doubt whether there is public virtue enough to support a republic.

John Adams.

Taylor: The leaders of the American Revolution need popular support.

The leaders of the American Revolution are going to have to make promises that there's going to be greater social mobility; there's going to be greater respect for common people; there is going to be broader political participation in the future than there has been in the colonial past by loosening up structures of authority, including structures of religious authority.

If you're making this Revolution and you need the support of thousands of common people, men and women, what's in it for them?

Gordon Wood: Up to the 18th century, people assumed that everything will always remain the same.

But the idea that you could take charge and change your culture, that's what--that's the fundamental basis of the Enlightenment, that man can be changed.

♪ Voice: The sun never shined on a cause of greater worth.

'Tis not the affair of a city, a country, a province, or a kingdom, but of a continent.

Everything that is right or natural pleads for separation.

Every spot of the old world is overrun with oppression.

Freedom hath been hunted round the globe.

O!

receive the fugitive, and prepare in time an asylum for mankind.

♪ We have it in our power to begin the world over again.

A situation similar to the present hath not happened since the days of Noah until now.

The birthday of a new world is at hand.

[Thomas Paine] ♪ Narrator: On January 9th, 1776, a slender pamphlet titled "Common Sense" was published in Philadelphia-- the most important pamphlet in American history.

It was signed simply "an Englishman."

Its author, a recent newcomer to America, was 38-year-old Thomas Paine.

The son of a Quaker corset-maker and his Anglican wife, Paine had failed at his father's profession, lost his first wife and their child in childbirth, been fired from his post as tax collector, endured the collapse of a second childless marriage, and had seen his possessions auctioned off to pay his debts.

During his 8-week voyage from Britain, he'd contracted typhus, and when his ship reached Philadelphia, he had to be carried off, half-dead.

But Paine was a master with words, skillfully weaving the latest Enlightenment philosophy with biblical references that everyone knew.

And he was a violent foe of aristocracy and monarchy.

Schiff: It's a much more radical document than anything that had preceded it.

"Common Sense" takes off like an accelerant through the colonies.

[Indistinct chatter] Everyone reads it.

Narrator: Excerpts from "Common Sense" appeared in newspapers throughout the colonies.

The pamphlet would sell tens of thousands of copies.

Taylor: It is an unprecedented bestseller.

With the exception of the Bible in the colonies, no book has been read as widely as "Common Sense" is.

Bernard Bailyn: It was a wholesale attack on the entire world of Britain-- political, cultural.

And it's in slam-bang prose.

No American pamphleteer wrote that kind of really tough extreme language.

Hogeland: It just made people listen and made people think at a time when the Congress would never have thought of attacking the King personally, King George III, the "Crown of England."

They were always like, "Oh, he's not really getting it.

"It's Parliament that's our problem.

The King needs to help us."

He just called the King a "beast," in print.

He was the working-class intellectual.

His politics were radically democratic, in many ways.

And that made him different from the other famous Founders.

Voice: Hereditary succession is an insult and an imposition on posterity.

For all men being originally equals, no one by birth could have a right to set up his own family in perpetual preference to all others forever.

One of the strongest natural proofs of the folly of hereditary right in kings is that nature disapproves it, otherwise she would not so frequently turn it into ridicule by giving mankind an ass for a lion.

[Thomas Paine] Bailyn: That pamphlet did stir people's minds about the possibility of a different kind of world.

Voice: "Common Sense" struck a string which required a touch to make it vibrate.

The country was ripe for independence, and only needed somebody to tell the people so.

Private Ashbel Green.

Hogeland: Some of the Founders, and others, thought this is the moment we can start over again.

We can actually begin the world anew.

And it must have been, you know, wildly exciting at the time.

And I think it still excites us, that we are the product of a revolutionary moment where the world turned upside down.

Voice: My countrymen will come reluctantly into the idea of independency.

I find "Common Sense" is working a wonderful change in the minds of many men.

George Washington.

♪